Iji mee ka ike nke engines combustion dị n'ime, a na-eji nkeji pụrụ iche - turbochargers - eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.Gụọ banyere ihe turbocharger bụ, ụdị ụdị ndị a bụ, otú e si ahazi ha na ụkpụrụ ndị ọrụ ha dabeere, nakwa banyere nlekọta ha na nrụzi, n'isiokwu.
Kedu ihe bụ turbocharger?
Turbocharger bụ isi ihe na-eme ka usoro nrụgide na-arụ ọrụ nchịkọta nke engines combustion dị n'ime, otu maka ịbawanye nrụgide na traktị oriri nke engine n'ihi ike nke gas na-ekpochapụ.
A na-eji turbocharger na-eme ka ike nke engine combustion dị n'ime na-enweghị nnyonye anya na nhazi ya.Nkeji a na-eme ka nrụgide dị na traktị oriri nke engine, na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmanụ ọkụ-ikuku ngwakọta na ụlọ ọkụ.N'okwu a, combustion na-eme na okpomọkụ dị elu site na ịmepụta nnukwu gas, nke na-eduga n'ịbawanye nrụgide na piston na, n'ihi ya, na-abawanye na torque na njirimara ike engine.
Ojiji nke turbocharger na-enye gị ohere ịbawanye ike engine site na 20-50% na ntakịrị mmụba na ọnụ ahịa ya (na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama, uto ike nwere ike iru 100-120%).N'ihi ịdị mfe ha, ntụkwasị obi na arụmọrụ ha, a na-eji sistemu nrụgide turbocharger eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ụdị ụgbọ ala combustion n'ime.
Ụdị na njirimara nke turbochargers
Taa, e nwere ụdị turbochargers dịgasị iche iche, ma enwere ike kewaa ha n'ime otu dị ka nzube na ntinye ha si dị, ụdị turbine na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ.
Dị ka nzube ya si dị, a pụrụ kewaa turbochargers n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị:
• Maka sistemu nrụgide otu ọkwa - otu turbocharger kwa injin, ma ọ bụ nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ cylinders;
• N'ihi na usoro na usoro-yiri onu oriri usoro (dị iche iche variants nke Twin Turbo) - abụọ yiri ma ọ bụ dị iche iche nkeji na-arụ ọrụ na a nkịtị otu cylinders;
• Maka usoro nrụgide nke abụọ, e nwere turbochargers abụọ nwere àgwà dị iche iche, nke na-arụ ọrụ na abụọ (na-esote otu na nke ọzọ) maka otu cylinders.
Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ usoro nrụgide otu ọkwa nke e wuru na ndabere nke otu turbocharger.Otú ọ dị, usoro dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịnwe nkeji abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ - dịka ọmụmaatụ, na engines nke V, a na-eji turbochargers dị iche iche maka ahịrị cylinders ọ bụla, na engines multi-cylinder (ihe karịrị 8) enwere ike iji turbochargers anọ, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha. nke na-arụ ọrụ na 2, 4 ma ọ bụ karịa cylinders.Ihe na-adịkarịghị bụ usoro nrụgide nke ọkwa abụọ na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke Twin-Turbo, ha na-eji turbochargers abụọ nwere àgwà dị iche iche nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na abụọ.
Dị ka ngwa, turbochargers nwere ike kewaa n'ime ọtụtụ otu:
• Site na ụdị engine - maka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel na gas ike nkeji;
• N'ihe gbasara olu engine na ike - maka nkeji ike nke obere, ọkara na ike dị elu;maka igwe na-agba ọsọ ọsọ, wdg.
Turbochargers nwere ike iji otu n'ime ụdị turbine abụọ:
• Radial (radial-axial, centripetal) - a na-enyefe ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ na mpaghara nke turbine impeller, na-akwaga na etiti ya ma na-ahapụ ya na ntụziaka axial;
• Axial - a na-enyefe ikuku gas na-ekpocha ọkụ n'akụkụ axis (ruo n'etiti) nke ihe na-eme ka ikuku turbine pụta ma wepụ ya na mpụta ya.
Taa, a na-eji atụmatụ abụọ ahụ eme ihe, ma na obere engines ị nwere ike ịhụ turbochargers na turbine radial-axial, na na ike dị ike, a na-ahọrọ turbines axial (ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị iwu).N'agbanyeghị ụdị turbine, ihe niile turbochargers na-eji centrifugal compressor - n'ime ya ka a na-enye ikuku na etiti nke impeller ma wepụ ya na mpụta ya.
Turbochargers nke oge a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị iche iche:
• Ugboro abụọ ntinye - turbine nwere ntinye abụọ, onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na-enweta gas na-ekpochapụ site n'otu ìgwè cylinders, ngwọta a na-ebelata nrụgide nrụgide na usoro ahụ ma na-eme ka nkwụsi ike dịkwuo elu;
• geometry na-agbanwe agbanwe - turbine nwere eriri na-ebugharị ma ọ bụ mgbanaka na-amị amị, site na nke ị nwere ike ịgbanwe ikuku nke ikuku na-ekpochapụ na impeller, nke a na-enye gị ohere ịgbanwe àgwà nke turbocharger dabere na ọnọdụ ọrụ engine.
N'ikpeazụ, turbochargers dị iche na njirimara arụmọrụ ha na ike ha.N'ime njirimara ndị bụ isi nke nkeji ndị a kwesịrị ime ka ọ pụta ìhè:
• Ogo nke nrụgide na-abawanye - oke nke ikuku ikuku na ntinye nke compressor na ikuku ikuku na ntinye, dị na nso nke 1.5-3;
• Compressor ọkọnọ (ikuku na-asọ site na compressor) - oke ikuku na-agafe na compressor kwa nkeji oge (nke abụọ) dị na nso nke 0,5-2 kg / s;
• Usoro ọsọ na-arụ ọrụ sitere na ọtụtụ narị (maka ụgbọ ala dizel dị ike, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na engines diesel ndị ọzọ) ruo iri puku kwuru iri puku (maka engines nke oge a na-amanye) mgbanwe kwa sekọnd. Oke kachasị ọsọ na-ejedebe site na ike nke turbine na compressor impellers, ọ bụrụ na ntụgharị ntụgharị dị oke elu n'ihi ike centrifugal, wiil ahụ nwere ike ịdaba.Na turbochargers nke oge a, akụkụ akụkụ nke wiil nwere ike ịtụgharị na ọsọ nke 500-600 ma ọ bụ karịa m / s, ya bụ, 1.5-2 ugboro ngwa ngwa karịa ọsọ nke ụda, nke a na-eme ka ọnọdụ nke njirimara njirimara nke turbine;
• Igwe ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ / kacha elu nke gas na-ekpochapụ na ntinye na turbine dị na nso nke 650-700 Celsius, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ruru 1000 ° C;
• Ịrụ ọrụ nke turbine / compressor na-abụkarị 0.7-0.8, na otu unit arụmọrụ nke turbine na-adịkarị ala karịa arụmọrụ nke compressor.
Ọzọkwa, nkeji ndị ahụ dị iche na nha, ụdị ntinye, mkpa iji ihe inyeaka, wdg.
Turbocharger imewe
N'ozuzu, turbocharger nwere isi ihe atọ:
1.Turbine;
2.Compressor;
3.Bearing ụlọ (ụlọ etiti).
Ihe eserese a na-ahụkarị nke injin mgbako ọkụ n'ime nchịkọta sistemu ikuku
Turbine bụ otu nke na-agbanwe ike kinetic nke gas na-ekpocha ọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ike arụ ọrụ (na ike nke wheel), nke na-eme ka ọrụ nke compressor rụọ ọrụ.Compressor bụ otu maka ịgbapụta ikuku.Ụlọ na-ebu ibu na-ejikọta akụkụ abụọ ahụ n'ime otu nhazi, na rotor shaft nke dị na ya na-eme ka a na-ebufe nke torque site na wheel turbine na wheel compressor.
Ngalaba Turbocharger
The turbine na compressor nwere yiri imewe.Ndabere nke nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ ndị a bụ ahụ cochlear, n'akụkụ akụkụ na nke etiti nke e nwere ọkpọkọ maka njikọ na usoro pressurization.Na compressor, ọkpọkọ ntinye na-adị mgbe niile n'etiti, iyuzucha (nkwụsị) dị na mpụta.Otu ndokwa nke ọkpọkọ maka turbines axial, maka radial-axial turbines, ọnọdụ nke ọkpọkọ dị iche (na mpụta - oriri, na etiti - iyuzucha).
N'ime ikpe ahụ enwere wiil nke nwere agụba nke ọdịdị pụrụ iche.Ụkwụ abụọ ahụ - turbine na compressor - na-ejide ya site na mkpanaka nkịtị nke na-agafe ụlọ ndị na-ebu.wiil ndị ahụ bụ ihe nkedo siri ike ma ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya, ọdịdị nke eriri igwe turbine na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nke ike ikuku gas, ọdịdị nke eriri igwe compressor na-enye mmetụta centrifugal kachasị.Turbines dị elu nke oge a nwere ike iji wiil ndị mejupụtara nwere eriri seramiiki, nke nwere obere ibu ma nwee arụmọrụ ka mma.Ogo nke wiil nke turbochargers nke engines ụgbọ ala bụ 50-180 mm, locomotive dị ike, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na engine dizel ndị ọzọ bụ 220-500 mm ma ọ bụ karịa.
A na-etinye ụlọ abụọ ahụ n'elu ebe a na-ebufe ya na bọtịnụ site na akara.Biari dị larịị (nke na-adịkarị obere na-akpụ akpụ nke ụdị pụrụ iche) na O-mgbanaka dị ebe a.Nakwa n'ime ụlọ etiti e nwere ọwa mmanụ maka ịmịnye bearings na ogwe aka, na ụfọdụ turbochargers na oghere nke jaket mmiri jụrụ oyi.N'oge echichi, a na-ejikọta unit ahụ na mmanụ mmanye na sistem jụrụ oyi.
A pụkwara inye ihe enyemaka dị iche iche na nhazi nke turbocharger, gụnyere akụkụ nke usoro ikuku gas recirculation, mmanụ valvụ, ihe maka imezi mmanu nke akụkụ na oyi ha, valves njikwa, wdg.
A na-eme akụkụ Turbocharger nke akara nchara pụrụ iche, a na-eji ígwè na-eguzogide okpomọkụ maka wheel turbine.A na-eji nlezianya ahọrọ ihe dịka ọnụọgụ nke mgbasawanye ọkụ, nke na-eme ka ntụkwasị obi nke imewe dị na ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche.
A na-etinye turbocharger n'ime usoro ikuku nke ikuku, nke na-agụnyekwa ihe oriri na ikpochapụ manifolds, na n'ime usoro ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya - intercooler (ụgwọ ikuku jụrụ oyi), valves dị iche iche, sensọ, dampers na pipeline.
Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ nke turbocharger
Ọrụ nke turbocharger na-agbada na ụkpụrụ dị mfe.A na-ebute turbine nke unit ahụ n'ime usoro ikpochapu nke engine, compressor - n'ime traktị oriri.N'oge a na-arụ ọrụ nke injin ahụ, gas na-ekpochapụ na-abanye na turbine, tie eriri wheel, na-enye ya ụfọdụ ume ike ya ma mee ka ọ gbanwee.The torque si turbine na-ebunye ozugbo na compressor wiil site aro.Mgbe ọ na-agbagharị, wheel compressor na-atụba ikuku na mpụta, na-abawanye nrụgide ya - a na-enye ikuku a n'ọtụtụ ihe oriri.
Otu turbocharger nwere ọtụtụ ọghọm, nke bụ isi bụ igbu oge turbo ma ọ bụ olulu turbo.Wheel nke otu ahụ nwere oke na ụfọdụ inertia, yabụ na ha enweghị ike ịgbalite ozugbo mgbe ọsọ nke otu ike na-abawanye.Ya mere, mgbe ị na-pịa pedal gas nke ọma, engine turbocharged adịghị eme ngwa ngwa ozugbo - enwere nkwụsịtụ dị mkpirikpi, ọdịda ike.Ngwọta maka nsogbu a bụ usoro njikwa turbine pụrụ iche, ndị na-anya turbochargers nwere geometry na-agbanwe agbanwe, usoro-usoro na usoro pressurization nke abụọ, na ndị ọzọ.
Ụkpụrụ nke ọrụ nke turbocharger
Okwu nke mmezi na nrụzi nke turbochargers
Turbocharger chọrọ nlekọta pere mpe.Isi ihe bụ ịgbanwe mmanụ engine na mmanụ mmanụ n'oge.Ọ bụrụ na engine ka nwere ike na-agba ọsọ na mmanụ ochie ruo oge ụfọdụ, mgbe ahụ, ọ nwere ike ịghọ onye na-egbu egbu maka turbocharger - ọbụnadị ntakịrị mmebi na àgwà nke mmanu mmanu na nnukwu ibu nwere ike iduga na-agbakọ na mbibi nke unit ahụ.A na-atụ aro ka ị na-ehichapụ akụkụ turbine kwa oge site na nkwụnye carbon, nke na-achọ nkwụsị ya, ma ọrụ a kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ naanị site na iji ngwá ọrụ na ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche.
Turbocharger na-ezighi ezi na-adị mfe n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ karịa ịrụzi ya.Maka nnọchi, ọ dị mkpa iji otu otu ụdị na ụdị nke etinyere na engine mbụ.Ntinye nke turbocharger nwere njirimara ndị ọzọ nwere ike imebi ọrụ nke ngalaba ike.Ọ ka mma ịtụkwasị obi na nhọrọ, ntinye na nhazi nke unit ahụ na ndị ọkachamara - nke a na-ekwe nkwa ịrụ ọrụ ziri ezi na ọrụ nkịtị nke engine.Site na ngbanwe ziri ezi nke turbocharger, injin ahụ ga-enwetaghachi ike dị elu ma nwee ike dozie ọrụ ndị kacha sie ike.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-21-2023